The Early Church and Peter's Primacy

Letter CLIII, from Pope Leo to Aetius, Presbyter of Constantinople

Synopsis: Leo directs Aetius to deliver the letters written to the Eastern metropolitans; he sends copies of letters received from the Gallic and Italian bishops attesting their united faith; and he instructs him to present at court the documents dispatched through Gerontius.

Leo to Aetius, presbyter.

Chapter I: Leo Acknowledges Aetius’s Diligence and Directs Him to Deliver the Letters to the Eastern Metropolitans

We have received the letters of your charity, which testified to your diligence in the cause of the Church; and briefly for now we exhort you to press on watchfully with what you have already begun, lest the perverseness of the heretics gain anything by which the Church of the Lord may be disturbed. We ourselves, by virtue of our diligence, have transmitted to the most merciful emperor and to the magnificent Patricius Aspar what was necessary in the cause of the faith — writings which will doubtless be able to obtain a fitting result, if your vigilance also cooperates. It has likewise pleased us to send general letters to the metropolitan bishops, to strengthen and confirm their resolve, that they may know they must strive with equal study and concerted unity to defend the Council of Chalcedon. Of these letters, one is addressed to the Antiochene and another to the Hierosolymitan — you will deliver them if it shall seem good to you both in common. We have already sent similar writings to the Illyrian bishops.

Chapter II: Leo Sends Copies of the Gallic and Italian Letters and Instructs Aetius on the Court Documents

On the mystery of the Catholic faith, moreover, there is nothing left for us to contend about: for nothing more diligently can be investigated, nor more truly defined. Copies also of the letters which the Gallic and Italian bishops have sent to us with united will we have likewise directed to you, so that it may be known that their faith is also one with ours. Furthermore, the writings which we have sent to the most merciful emperor and to the necessary persons through our son Gerontius — whether through your charity or through our son Storatius, if he is still with you — we wish to have presented and assisted with appropriate advocacy. And in order that you may be informed of what we have written, we have sent copies, so that you may be fully instructed about everything.

Given on the Kalends of September, in the consulship of Constantinus and Rufus.

Source/Reference

Notes / Historical Commentary

Letter CLIII completes the six-letter cluster of September 1, 457 — joining CXLVIII to the emperor, CXLIX to Basil of Antioch, CL to the Illyrian bishops, CLI to Anatolius of Constantinople, and CLII to Julian of Cos. It is addressed to Aetius, a presbyter of the Church of Constantinople who served alongside Julian of Cos as Leo’s permanent representative at the imperial capital. The letter functions essentially as a covering dispatch accompanying a substantial dossier of documents Leo is forwarding to Constantinople — letters to the emperor and Aspar, letters to the eastern metropolitans, and now copies of the letters received from the Gallic and Italian churches.

The scope of what Leo is coordinating from Rome in this single cluster is worth surveying explicitly. He has written directly to the emperor and to Aspar; to the Patriarchs of Antioch, Constantinople, and Jerusalem; to the bishops of Thessalonica, Corinth, and Dyrrachium; to his personal legates Julian and Aetius. He has received letters from the Gallic and Italian bishops attesting their unity with his doctrinal position, and he is now forwarding those letters eastward as documentary evidence. The traffic runs centripetally — from the western churches to Rome — and then centrifugally outward from Rome to the eastern court and episcopate. Rome is the hub in both directions. No other see is receiving the western letters, evaluating them, and forwarding them as part of a coordinated eastern campaign. No other see is playing a comparable coordinating role.

The note about the Gallic and Italian bishops deserves particular attention. These bishops had written to Rome — not to Constantinople, not to Antioch, not to one another — to attest their reception of the Chalcedonian faith and Leo’s Tome. That the affirmation of doctrinal unity flows toward Rome is itself significant; Leo then deploys these letters as an evidentiary dossier, forwarding them eastward to demonstrate that the entire Western episcopate stands united behind the position he has defined. He is not merely sharing correspondence; he is building a documentary case. The western letters become instruments of eastern governance in Leo’s hands.

Chapter II’s opening declaration — “there is nothing left for us to contend about in the mystery of the Catholic faith: for nothing more diligently can be investigated, nor more truly defined” — states in the most direct terms the posture that runs through every letter in this cluster. Leo is not inviting further deliberation on Chalcedon’s definitions or on his Tome; he is declaring both closed. This is the irreformability principle in its most direct pastoral form: the investigation has been completed, the definition made as truly as it can be made, and the Church’s only remaining task is to hold what has been defined and resist those who would reopen it. Alongside Letter CLII’s *nihil novi* — “nothing novel in sense or expression” — these two letters present the Roman pontiff’s consistent posture on September 1, 457: the doctrinal question is settled; the pastoral and jurisdictional task is enforcement.

The operational infrastructure visible in this letter — multiple personal agents, parallel documentary channels, coordinated delivery to multiple recipients — is the practical face of a jurisdiction that takes its universality seriously. Leo does not write letters and await results; he maintains a network of representatives at the imperial court responsible for presenting, advocating for, and following up on his correspondence through every available channel simultaneously. Gerontius carries the formal documents; Aetius and Julian present and advocate; Storatius assists if present. The redundancy is not accidental — it is the mark of a governing authority that has learned, over two decades, how to make its directives effective across the distance and political complexity of a divided empire. This is the infrastructure of a functioning universal jurisdiction, not the expression of a theoretical claim.

The Early Church and Peter's Primacy