The Early Church and Peter's Primacy

Letter CXLVII, from Pope Leo to Julian, Bishop of Cos, and Aetius the Presbyter

Synopsis: Leo rebukes the silence of his representatives at the imperial court and directs them to press the emperor on behalf of the Church — urging that the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon remain inviolate as divinely inspired, that the Alexandrian Church be restored to the ancient faith through the providence of Catholic priests, and that the bishop appointed in place of the martyred Proterius be one to whom communion with the Apostolic See may be granted.

Leo to Julian, bishop, and Aetius, presbyter, equally.

Chapter I: Leo Rebukes Their Silence and Reports His Petition to the Emperor

Although I received a letter from your charity some time ago, I am nonetheless surprised that you allowed to pass in silence that opportunity for a reply which our brother Anatolius necessarily made use of — since, given the state of affairs and the nature of the matters at hand, there ought to be more frequent exchanges. I myself, having been more fully informed by the letters of the aforementioned brother about what the recklessness of the heretics has done at Alexandria, have written to the most merciful emperor and, as was necessary, made supplication concerning the state of the Church, that he apply the zeal of his piety to affairs that have been thrown into very great disorder. Therefore, just as I have exhorted our brother and fellow-bishop Anatolius, so also I do not cease to admonish your charity, that you should approach the most merciful emperor with whatever petitions shall prove opportune — for we have learned that he has already spontaneously provided certain measures as a bulwark for the Catholic religion — so that the effort may not be found difficult with one whose voluntary solicitude already anticipates it.

Chapter II: The Chalcedonian Decrees Must Remain Inviolate; A Catholic Bishop Must Be Appointed for Alexandria in Communion with the Apostolic See

Therefore, press on with unceasing appeals in the principal matter of the faith, that the decrees of the holy Council of Chalcedon may not be undermined by any snares of the heretics, nor may anything be overturned from that definition which, as divinely inspired, there is no doubt is consonant in all things with the evangelical and apostolic teachings. Then press with all diligence for this also: that the state of the Alexandrian Church be restored to the freedom of the ancient faith — the blindness of the heretics having been refuted and driven out — through the providence of Catholic priests, so that in the place of Proterius of holy memory, one most thoroughly proven and of whose faith there can be no doubt be appointed as bishop; to whom, with the security of concord, communion with the Apostolic See may be granted. For it will be sufficient glory for a devout prince if, by his dispositions, not only the whole commonwealth but also the Church of God shall be at peace.

Given on the fifth day before the Ides of July, in the consulship of Constantinus and Rufus.

Source/Reference

Notes / Historical Commentary

Letter CXLVII was written on July 11, 457 — the same day as Letters CXLV and CXLVI — and is addressed to Julian of Cos and the presbyter Aetius, who together served as Pope Leo’s permanent representatives (apocrisiarii) at the imperial court in Constantinople. Julian had served as a papal legate at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 and was among Leo’s most trusted instruments in the East. Where Letter CXLV presented the universal Church’s supplication directly to Emperor Leo I, and Letter CXLVI directed Anatolius of Constantinople to reinforce that supplication from his own proximity to the court, this letter activates Leo’s own men already embedded in the imperial entourage. The three letters constitute a single coordinated campaign, radiating from Rome through multiple simultaneous instruments on the same day.

The structure of the campaign is itself evidence of the Roman pontiff’s ordinary and immediate jurisdiction in operation. Leo does not write to the emperor and await developments; he simultaneously sets in motion every available channel of influence at the eastern court — the patriarch of Constantinople, and his own permanent representatives. None of these instruments acts independently; all are activated by Leo’s letters, directed toward the same objectives, and expected to report back to Rome on the progress of the emperor’s disposition. Anatolius is exhorted; Julian and Aetius are admonished; the emperor is supplicated. The initiative, the direction, and the coordination all flow from a single source.

The closing directive of Chapter II contains the letter’s most jurisdictionally significant phrase: that the bishop appointed for Alexandria must be one to whom “communion with the Apostolic See may be granted.” This is an act of immediate jurisdiction over Alexandria’s episcopal succession, exercised at a distance of thousands of miles through a directive to Leo’s court agents. The grant of communion with the Apostolic See is not a formality or a courtesy — it is the constitutive act that establishes the new bishop’s valid orthodox standing. Leo is specifying not only the criteria of qualification (integrity of conduct and faith, as in Letter CXLV) but the condition of legitimacy itself: communion with Rome. A bishop of Alexandria who does not hold that communion does not hold the position in the full sense that matters. This is the immediate jurisdiction of the Roman pontiff expressed in its most concentrated form: the power to determine, by the grant or withholding of communion, who stands in right relationship to the universal Church.

The reader should note what this formula implicitly rejects. Canon 28 of Chalcedon had attempted to elevate Constantinople to a position of honor second only to Rome and to extend its jurisdictional reach over the eastern dioceses. Leo had formally rejected Canon 28 and continued to do so. The directive here — that Alexandria’s new bishop must receive communion from the Apostolic See — reasserts on its own positive terms what the rejection of Canon 28 asserted negatively: the Roman See is the standard and source of orthodox communion throughout the Church, not one node in a network of equal patriarchal jurisdictions. It does not need Canon 28 to be relitigated here; it only needs to state what the condition of valid episcopal standing at Alexandria is, and that statement carries the full weight of the claim.

Letter CXLVII is brief, but it is one of the more revealing documents in the 457 cluster precisely because of its audience. Leo is not writing to the emperor or to a patriarch; he is writing to his own agents with operational instructions. The tone is that of an administrator directing his staff: rebuke the silence, press the emperor, press the Chalcedonian case, secure the appointment conditions. The rebuking of Julian and Aetius for their silence is itself a small indicator of the relationship: Leo’s permanent representatives at the imperial court are accountable to him for the frequency and usefulness of their reports. The eastern court is not a foreign environment that Leo approaches through formal diplomatic channels; it is a field of operation in which his own men are stationed, and he expects them to function accordingly.

The Early Church and Peter's Primacy