The Early Church and Peter's Primacy

Letter XCVI, from Pope Leo to Bishop Ravennium of Arles

Synopsis: Leo directs Ravennium to observe Pascha on March 23 of the following year, grounding the directive in the principle that divine institution and paternal tradition have made the designation of the Paschal date a matter belonging to the Roman bishop’s solicitude — and instructs Ravennium to declare the date throughout his province.

Leo, bishop, to the most beloved brother Ravennium, bishop.

Leo Directs Ravennium to Observe Pascha on the Designated Date, Which the Roman Pontiff Has the Authority to Designate

It pertains to the chief mystery of our religion that there be no diversity anywhere in the world in the observance of the Paschal celebration. And since divine institution and paternal tradition have willed this to belong to Our solicitude, We solemnly admonish your brotherhood to recognize that the Pascha of the Lord is to be celebrated by Us on the tenth day before the Kalends of April. Clear reasoning has shown this day to be the legitimate one for sacred observance — and this, your charity, most beloved brother, you should also declare to all, so that those who share one confession of faith may also share one devotion in this celebration.

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Notes / Historical Commentary

Letter XCVI is one of the shortest letters in the corpus, but it is not a slight document. Its brevity is the brevity of a directive that does not need elaboration: Leo tells Ravennium what date Easter is to be kept, names the theological basis, and instructs him to communicate it throughout the province. The letter is complete in one short paragraph.

What makes XCVI significant for the primacy question is the clause that grounds the directive: “divine institution and paternal tradition have willed this to belong to Our solicitude.” The sollicitudo formula — present throughout the Illyrian correspondence of the early 440s, operative in Leo’s dealings with the Gallic churches in Letter X, and recurring across the pre-Chalcedon letters — appears here in a direct and unambiguous form. The designation of the Paschal date is a function of the Roman bishop’s universal pastoral responsibility, and that responsibility is grounded not in convention or collegial agreement but in divine institution and paternal tradition alike. Leo is not consulting Ravennium; he is instructing him. The province of Arles is to celebrate Easter on March 23 because Rome has designated March 23.

The letter also illustrates the range of the sollicitudo concept. In the Illyrian and Gallic correspondence, it grounds Leo’s appellate jurisdiction and his authority to install and instruct vicariates. Here it grounds something that might appear purely liturgical — the date of the central Christian feast. But for Leo, the two are continuous: the Roman bishop’s solicitude for all the Churches extends to every dimension of their common life, and unity in the celebration of the Lord’s Pascha is not separable from unity in the faith itself. A Church that keeps a different Easter is a Church that is, in some sense, maintaining a different devotion — and that deviation, however technical it might seem, falls within the scope of what the Roman bishop’s office is charged to prevent.

The Early Church and Peter's Primacy