The Early Church and Peter's Primacy

Letter CLXIII, from Pope Leo to Anatolius, Bishop of Constantinople

Synopsis: Leo rebukes Anatolius for his displeasure at repeated warnings, defends his directives as an exercise of fraternal charity owed by his office, exposes Atticus’s written response as evasive rather than exculpatory, and prescribes the exact three-part requirement for Atticus’s recantation to be valid: explicit anathema of the Eutychian error, written subscription in his own hand, and public recitation before the Christian people in the Church.

Leo, bishop, to Anatolius, bishop.

Chapter I: Leo Rebukes Anatolius for His Displeasure, Exposes Atticus’s Evasion, and Prescribes the Exact Terms of Valid Recantation

Having read the letter you sent through our son Patritius the deacon, I can see that you are displeased with the diligence of my solicitude, which, as countless experiences of your own have proved, springs from the fraternal charity I owe you, acting in accordance with the Lord’s commandment. I warned you about those who are known enemies of the common faith, so that the negligence of a shepherd should not be held responsible if someone were to presume to preach such things openly in the Catholic Church. Whether the rumor was true or not, I left to your judgment to determine. In nothing have I done dishonor to you: what had been reported to me I committed to your examination — namely, that the presbyter Atticus, who was said to dare such things, unless he gave complete satisfaction and condemned the heretics not only by voice but by the subscription of his own hand, should be excluded from communion. His written response in turn, far from clearing the matter, only confirmed what rumor had brought to us — for if he had genuinely wanted to prove his conscience clean, he would have confessed not merely that he found Eutyches himself personally odious, but that he condemned and rejected his wickedness outright. There is a difference between human personal quarrels, which can exist even among Catholics, and the diabolical errors which the Catholic Faith condemns. Therefore, dearest brother, you have no reason to doubt our goodwill toward you, if you take the prophet’s example and say: Did I not hate, Lord, those who hate you, and waste away over your enemies? (Ps. 138:21).

In order to remove all remaining suspicion, Atticus must make clear exactly what he anathematizes and condemns in Eutyches — plainly, without ambiguity, leaving no room for evasion. He must subscribe to the condemnation of that error in express terms; and he must do so in such a way that he publicly professes adherence to the definition of faith of the Council of Chalcedon — to which your own charity subscribed and which the authority of the Apostolic See has confirmed — in a written subscription by his own hand, recited before the Christian people in the Church itself. This is so that we may not be found negligent in the Catholic Faith, nor he any longer under suspicion. If, persevering in his obstinacy, he refuses to comply with these wholesome precepts, let him face the sentence of the Chalcedonian synod — whose definitions he has undermined.

Given on the fifth day before the Kalends of April, in the consulship of Leo and Majorian, most august Emperors.

Source/Reference

Notes / Historical Commentary

Letter CLXIII, dated March 28, 458 — one week after the March 21 cluster — is the fifth and final letter in the Atticus affair. It is addressed to Anatolius directly, returning to the bishop through whom Leo had been routing his directives since CLI, but now in a considerably sharper register. Anatolius has evidently written to Leo expressing displeasure at the repeated warnings he has received. Leo’s response is without apology.

The opening is among the most pointed in the entire Anatolius correspondence. Leo says he can see Anatolius is displeased with “the diligence of his solicitude” — using the precise term, sollicitudo, that defines his universal pastoral responsibility across the entire corpus. He does not respond to Anatolius’s displeasure by retreating or moderating his position; he defends the exercise of his solicitude as an act of fraternal charity demanded by the Lord’s commandment. More significantly, he does not address the question of whether he had the right to issue the directives he issued. That question is not engaged because it is not open: the exercise of the Roman bishop’s solicitude over the clergy of Constantinople is the premise of the correspondence, not a claim requiring fresh justification. Anatolius’s displeasure is noted and rebutted as a misunderstanding of Leo’s charitable intent; it does not touch the jurisdictional foundation from which the directives came.

Leo’s exposure of Atticus’s evasion is precise. Atticus’s written response had apparently claimed personal distaste for Eutyches — enough, Atticus thought, to signal orthodox sympathies without committing to a formal doctrinal condemnation. Leo identifies the evasion in a single sentence: personal quarrels exist even among Catholics; what is required is condemnation of the diabolical errors which the Catholic Faith condemns. These are categorically different things, and Atticus navigated between them deliberately. The evasion reflects an understanding of exactly what Leo’s requirement would demand — and a calculated attempt to satisfy the form of the requirement without its substance. Leo will not accept it.

The substantive requirement Leo finally imposes brings together three elements, each addressing a specific mode of evasion. First: Atticus must specify what he anathematizes in Eutyches — the condemnation must be doctrinal, not personal. Second: he must subscribe in writing by his own hand — the condemnation must be formally documented, not merely asserted verbally and informally. Third: the written subscription must be recited before the Christian people in the church itself — the recantation must be as public as the scandal it remedies. The precision of the three requirements is the precision of a legislator who has thought through every possible evasion and closed each one. The remedy is calibrated to the offense at every point.

The letter also contains a further articulation of the sealing-element formula that runs throughout this cluster. The definition Atticus must publicly profess is the one “to which your own charity subscribed and which the authority of the Apostolic See has confirmed.” The two acts are listed in order: Anatolius’s subscription as representative of the eastern episcopate; Rome’s confirmation as the sovereign, closing ratification. The Apostolic See’s confirmation is what renders the definition not merely received across the Church but irreversibly sealed. This formula — present also in Letters CLX and CLXII — is Leo’s consistent way of presenting the relationship between conciliar reception and Roman confirmation: the council defines and the episcopate subscribes; Rome confirms and the matter is closed.

The Early Church and Peter's Primacy